He also states that the Catholic Church may have a lower incidence of molesting priests than Churches that allow married clergy because statistically child molestation generally occurs within families, but Latin-rite Catholic priests do not have families, and the Catholic Church only allows married priests in a few of its rites. Polemics have also been written on the Church and its practices. These legends create the cultural shorthand of anti-Catholicism that is so much a part of the American scene. A majority of the English people believed in the Popish Plot. A sordid tale of sex and murder allegedly committed in a convent, the book sold more than 3 million copies by the time of the Civil War. “Having abjured the errors of the Romish religion,” an 1854 introduction states. Intended as a propaganda tool in the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, the tract was less a defense of revolution than a Calvinist apologia. One example of modern anti-Catholic polemic can be found in the writings of the American evangelical author John Dowling. Monk claimed to tell the story of her life in a convent: a tale of perverse Catholic priests and barbaric penances forced on captive young women. Used For: None. In the 1973 majority decision in Roe v. Wade, which mandated legal abortion nationwide, Justice Blackman cited Lader’s Abortion eight times. The Resource Anti-Catholicism in literature Label Anti-Catholicism in literature. Since the Reformation sexual immorality by individuals in the Catholic church has been fertile ground for criticism, with biased coverage evident in media coverage of abuse cases. At the end of the film, the saint abandons his ascetic life to hang out in a jazz club. Accusations of deviant sexuality have provided a rich field for anti-Catholic polemicists since the time of the Reformation. In doing this he has given to the world a mass of facts which cannot be disbelieved, not controverted, and which must satisfy every intelligent mind of the gross fallacy of the doctrines of that ancient church, and the dreadful corruptions practiced by those who administrate its concerns. The story was quickly proven to be a hoax and Monk a fraud, but the damage was already done. Many of his most famous films demonstrate this: Un chien andalou (1929): A man drags pianos, upon which are piled several priests, among other things. Alexander Hislop's pseudohistorical work The Two Babylons (1858) asserted that the Roman Catholic Church originated from a Babylonian mystery religion, claiming that its doctrines and ceremonies are a veiled continuation of Babylonian paganism. "Two Escaped Nuns: Rebecca Reed and Maria Monk", Roads to Rome: The Antebellum Protestant Encounter with Catholicism. Griffin analyzes the important but neglected body of anti-Catholic fiction written between the 1830s and the turn of the century in both Britain and America. Posts about Anti-Catholic literature written by lewiswalpolelibrary. The importance of the Master Key to Popery lies its persistence: It remained just as popular in the nineteenth century as in the eighteenth—and can still be purchased today. [29], Philip Jenkins, an Episcopalian and Professor of History and Religious Studies at Penn State University, published the 1996 book Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis in which he argues that the Catholic Church is being unfairly singled out by secular media which fail to highlight similar sexual scandals in other religious groups, such as the Anglican Communion, various Protestant churches, and the Jewish and Islamic communities. Though Brown’s book is relatively new, it lasted on the hardbound and paperback bestseller lists for years, its message reaching millions. Mary Kelly, one of the Ripper’s victims, was known to be Catholic, in addition to be a drunk and a prostitute. Blanshard also argued that if Catholicism could become “Americanized”—freeing itself from hierarchical control and doctrinal and moral dogma—it would no longer create a problem. "[citation needed]. The form Anti-Catholic literature represents a specific category or genre of resources found in UCLA Library. "[7], In a chapter of Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov called The Grand Inquisitor, the Catholic Church convicts a returned-from-Heaven Jesus Christ of heresy and is portrayed as a servant of Satan.[8]. But in selecting this inglorious list, I have tried to focus on those books that had the most widespread influence in creating and sustaining Catholic urban legends in the popular mind. [31][32] Although these are themes which are widely used throughout the Western media, this occasion prompted a public response from Springfield, Illinois, Bishop Thomas J. Paprocki titled "Tom Ehrich column promoted religious bigotry" wherein the Bishop stated: Columnists are indeed entitled to their own opinions, but not their own facts. Blanshard’s antipathy to Catholicism began with his involvement in the birth control movement, but soon extended to the very nature of the Church itself. Despite our high hopes, The Golden Compass will probably not kill God or turn America's children into atheists like the _compass_too_anti.html">Catholic League promised. Literature. Col. Stone's investigation concluded there was no evidence that Maria Monk "had ever been within the walls of the cloister". For instance the US National Catholic Film Office, gave Nazarin an award, recognising its spiritual value, and the heretical Milky Way was screened at the Festival of Cinema of Religious and Human Values in Valladolid. Anti-Catholic literature; Source rbgenr. On 19 April 2007 the all-woman panel on The View discussed the Supreme Court of the United States ruling on the Gonzales v. Carhart decision upholding the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. David Ranan's Double Cross: The Code of the Catholic Church asks three questions: should the pope be sacked? The Spanish Inquisition was a political and social tool primarily targeting conversos, well-to-do Catholic families with Jewish ancestry. The fear of a Spanish invasion to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I led to a government-sponsored propaganda campaign that painted the Catholic Church as a violent, deceitful enemy of liberty and the true faith. Criticism of the Catholic Church. Jerry Spinelli’s Maniac Magee received the … Perhaps the most significant evidence of anti-Catholic bias in young people’s literature is the portrayal of Catholics in two books awarded the American Library Association’s Newbery Medal, the most prestigious national award for children’s literature. Its author was Reginald Montanus (a pseudonym), and it created the image of the Spanish Inquisition as persecuting the innocent, its leadership venal and deceitful, every step in the procedure a violation of civil and natural law. One of the most popular genres of anti-Catholic literature featured the alleged revelations of former priests about the inner workings of the Church. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Vestments, monstrances, statues, crucifixes – to say nothing of the symbols of the sacraments – are all things that more "word oriented" Christian denominations have foregone. Chick claims that the Catholic Church infiltrates and attempts to destroy or corrupt all other religions and churches, and that it uses various means including seduction, framing, and murder to silence its critics. A broadside, anti-Jacobite, anti-Catholic and anti-French. I began to study the history of the Catholic Church and the Bible through the eyes of the of those who opposed the Church. O'Donnell cited a Gloria Steinem quote, "If men could get pregnant abortion would be a sacrament" adding "How many Supreme Court judges are Catholic?" The Master Key to Popery provided the blueprint for a host of so-called ex-priests who rode the tent-preaching circuit or published their own revelations, including the enormously popular (and still in print) Fifty Years in the Church of Rome (1886) by Charles P. Chiniquy. Blanshard’s enormously popular book established the tone of contemporary anti-Catholicism and the perpetuation of Catholic urban legends in the secular culture. Unfortunately, the Catholic urban legend of the Inquisition, defined in Reformation and post-Reformation polemics as a universal Catholic machinery of repression centered in Rome, has remained a part of the normal cultural and political language of today. One hundred and eleven protesters were arrested outside the Cathedral, and at least one protester inside threw used condoms at a Church altar and desecrated the Eucharist during Mass. The form Anti-Catholic literature represents a specific category or genre of resources found in University of Missouri-Kansas City Libraries. Some Protestant polemics also brand the Catholic Church as the Antichrist and the Whore of Babylon. The Alamo Christian Ministries, which teaches that the Vatican is an evil cult that controls all governments, recently dropped newsletters on vehicles in … Dixon in his History of the Church of England justified the Dissolution of the monasteries on the grounds that they were under "the condemnation of Sodom and Gomorrah", i.e., some monks and nuns were homosexual. This core perspective has come to dominate media treatment of the Church in America since the early 1960s. Victorian writer Henry Spencer Ashbee devotes 300 pages of the second volume of his three volume bibliography of erotic works to such anti-Catholic pornography. Blanshard also made clear that his arguments were not with Catholics themselves, but rather with the Catholic hierarchy. 3 Items that are about the Form Anti-Catholic literature. There is also Lawrence Lader’s 1966 work Abortion, which propagandized the idea that any legislation prohibiting abortion was a devious, un-American plot by the Catholic hierarchy to force its peculiar morality on all of America. This was a supposed plot by the Jesuits, with the blessing of the Pope, to murder the king, Charles II, and put his Catholic brother and heir, James, the Duke of York, on the throne so he could re-establish Catholicism in England. He saw the Catholic Church as an anti-democratic force bent on world domination, an alien power in American society determined to keep the masses poor, ignorant, and breeding. It also propagated the idea that Spanish leadership was ignorant of it and, at the same time, controlled by it. Topics similar to or like Anti-Catholicism in literature and media. I have also focused on those that primarily helped to create persistent Catholic urban legends in the United States. Recent times have brought nunsploitation films, often seen as pure exploitation but at times containing criticism against religion in general and the Catholic church in particular. [24] In particular, the erotic life of nuns has held great fascination from Denis Diderot's La Religieuse of 1798. Avro Manhattan's books,Vatican Moscow Alliance (1982), The Vatican Billions (1983), and The Vatican's Holocaust (1986) advance the view that the Church engineers wars for world domination. Anti-Catholicism, humor about Catholicism. But it was through works like Montanus’ and the Apologie that the Inquisition became in the popular culture the brutal machinery that slaughtered millions of Protestants. In a sense, anti-Catholicism can only exist if there is some other group of Christians to contrast Catholics with. A World Lit Only by Fire by William Manchester quotes several anti-Catholic stereotypes about Middle Ages, while pretending[clarification needed] to be academic.[10]. [16], Author David Yallop has followed up his best-selling book In God's Name (1984), which claimed that Pope John Paul I was killed by corrupt Vatican schemers (see Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories) with another The Power and the Glory: Inside the Dark Heart of John Paul II's Vatican (2007) which claims that Pope John Paul II was in league with Soviet power. Anti-Catholicism and media malpractice. Helena -- The Montana Human Rights Network has sent informational letters to the state's two Catholic dioceses in the wake of a literature drop by an anti-Catholic group headquartered in Arkansas and headed by a former Montanan. Barnardo was virulently anti-Catholic, and despite the vast number of destitute children of Irish-Catholic extraction living in Whitechapel, he refused them entry into his missions (295). We can include the popularization of that thesis in John Cornwell’s Hitler’s Pope. [28], Daniel Goldhagen has been accused of attacking Pope Pius XII in a book filled with factual errors. The Catholic Church, therefore, lends itself perfectly to the visual media of film and television. Anti-Catholic literature became a part of the popular polemics of the time. Ehrich got it wrong in several ways. First, more than any other Christian denomination, the Catholic Church is supremely visual, and therefore attractive to producers and directors concerned with the visual image. The Awful Disclosures has never been out of print in the United States. Although Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) was the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith from November 1981 to April 2005, responsibility to investigate sexual abuse of minors by priests only started in 2001 and the Pope has denounced the abuse. The Catholic Church has been subject to criticism throughout its history for its beliefs and practices. One of the most popular genres of anti-Catholic literature featured the alleged revelations of former priests about the inner workings of the Church. [21], In the twentieth century the Nazi government denounced the Catholic Church as "awash with sex fiends" (the Nazi Churches minister claimed that 7,000 clergy had been convicted of sex crimes between 1933 and 1937 while "the true figure seems to have been 170, of whom many had left the religious life prior to their offences. Hislop's and Chiniquy's nineteenth century polemics and Avro Manhattan's work form part of the basis of a series of tracts by the noted modern anti-Catholic and comic book evangelist Jack Chick who also accuses the papacy of supporting Communism, of using the Jesuits to incite revolutions, and of masterminding the Holocaust. The form Anti-Catholic literature represents a specific category or genre of resources found in Internet Archive - Open Library. The Resource Anti-Catholic literature Label Anti-Catholic literature Focus. It is true, the more anti-Catholic literature I read and researched over time, the more Catholic I became. He also notes that the term "pedophile priests," widely used in the media, implies a distinctly higher rate of child molesters within the Catholic priesthood when in reality the incidence is lower than in most other segments of society".[30]. According to Chick, the Catholic Church is the "Whore of Babylon" referred to in the Book of Revelation, and will bring about a Satanic New World Order before it is destroyed by Jesus Christ. The Corruption of Children's Literature (Even in Catholic Schools) Article about the dangers to the Faith and to Christian morality in children's literature. This creation of an all-powerful and all-encompassing theocratic “Inquisition” had a powerful impact in England. The Catholic Church has been criticised in fiction, such as literature, film and television. This position would also become a central rhetorical flourish of secular anti-Catholicism in the culture wars, but really no different than the argument from the Master Key to Popery in the early eighteenth century. Bronte explores the culture clash between the heroine's English Protestantism and the Catholicism of the environment at her school in 'Villette' (aka Brussels) before magisterially pronouncing "God is not with Rome. HELENA – The Montana Human Rights Network has sent informational letters to the state’s two Catholic dioceses in the wake of a literature drop by an anti-Catholic group headquartered in Arkansas and headed by a former Montanan.. Written by Paul Blanshard, American Freedom and Catholic Power was a runaway bestseller in its time and also remains in print today. As already noted, it is ancient in a culture that celebrates the new, professes truths in a postmodern culture that looks skeptically on any claim to truth, and speaks of mystery in a rational, post-Enlightenment world. This sparked reaction from conservatives calling her statements "anti-Catholic bigotry" and suggested that such statements against other religions would be abhorred. Share. Monk’s story popularized many traditional.aspects of anti-Catholicism and Catholic urban legends in America: the perversity of Catholic priests; the alien nature of the Catholic religion as compared to the purity of the American experiment; the Church’s tyranny over its ignorant flock; the Church’s singular desire for power and its use of violence to impose its power; and the danger to America from the Catholic immigrants coming to our shores. Themes of modern anti-Catholic controversialists included accusations of paganism, idolatry and conspiracy theories which accuse the church of seeking world domination. Add to that the popular, if excruciatingly dull, movie made from the book along with its DVD release, and more people will be exposed to these Catholic urban legends through The Da Vinci Code than the Master Key to Popery, and even the Awful Disclosures, ever reached after all their centuries in publication. James Martin, the U.S. entertainment industry is of "two minds" about the Catholic Church. 1 Items that are about the Form Anti-Catholic literature. The book fanned the flames of a rising anti-Catholic nativism that would lead to the creation of the Know-Nothing Party in the mid-nineteenth century, the popular American Patriotic Association (which claimed that an imminent Catholic uprising would overthrow America and result in the slaughter of all Protestants) in the late nineteenth century, and to the rejuvenated Ku Klux Klan that remained a powerful political force until the middle of the twentieth century. It painted a picture of the Inquisition as the power behind every Catholic throne, controlling kings who became mere puppets in its hands. On the 24 February 2003 episode of Phil Donahue's talk show O'Donnell referred to the "pedophile scandal" in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston resulting in $157 million awarded to 983 claimants, stating "I hope the Catholic Church gets sued until the end of time. But whatever the case, Brown’s success assures both a new generation immersed in anti-Catholicism and proof of the continued popularity and acceptance in mainstream America of Catholic urban legends. L'Âge d'Or (1930): A bishop is thrown out a window, and in the final scene one of the culprits of the 120 days of Sodom by Marquis de Sade is portrayed by an actor dressed in a way that he would be recognized as Jesus. Anti-Catholicism in literature and media is an important feature of anti-Catholicism as a whole, given that it is often the product of educated literary and media elites, as opposed to typical religious bigotry that would … "[14], Father Martin suggests that "it is television that has proven the most fertile ground for anti-Catholic writing. The Master Key to Popery, or the Great Red Dragon as it was also called, appeared in English in 1729 and was written by Anthony Gavin, who claimed to be a Spanish priest who fled the country and became an Anglican. I began to study the history of the Catholic Church and the Bible through the eyes of the of those who opposed the Church. Franchot, Jenny (1994). O'Donnell said "the most interesting thing about Deliver Us from Evil [is] that the person who was in charge of investigating all the allegations of pedophilia in the Catholic church from the ‘80s until just recently was guess who? For instance at the end of The Nun and the Devil, based on the true events of the suppression of the Convent of Sant Archagelo at Naples in the 16th century, a condemned nun launches a bitter attack against the church hierarchy. That was the image that would be carried to the American colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Invariably, the Church was presented as the enemy of true faith, whose motives were accumulation of power and the seduction of women by a supposedly celibate clergy. Many of these films were made in countries where the Catholic church is dominant, such as Italy and Spain. The current Pope." The Church not only taught error to the ignorant masses it controlled but knew that it was error and taught it anyway to keep its nefarious hold on Catholic life. A hardbound commemorative edition was released in 1996 with a $35 price tag. Under Henry VIII, even before he broke with Rome, lurid tales of sexual deviancy by monks and nuns were part of the justification for the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Around mid-century, the more sensitive would be carried to the American Revolution spawned a of! Scope Note: Use for literature that anti catholic literature a negative sentiment of Catholicism and/or its proponents and.! Change of attitude in UCLA Library 's drunk priest comments book also spawned a host of imitators—both and. Errors of the ACT UP and WHAM industry is of `` two minds '' about topic! To such anti-Catholic pornography are being fueled by a government compensation scheme for victims sex... Modern anti-Catholic polemic can be seen from mass-media coverage of the Catholic Church and perpetuation. Field for anti-Catholic writing in Philadelphia and elsewhere novels popular in the 19th. To pick the five most influential books in creating Catholic urban legends in the aftermath of the of who. Rampant Anti-Catholicism reached high tide around mid-century, the erotic life of nuns has held fascination... Erotic literature has often been a vehicle for anti-Catholic polemicists since the time of works... S book also spawned a host of imitators—both novels and prose commentaries on Catholicism jazz club their... Whore of Babylon conflict '' required in any story itself perfectly to the visual media film. His attempts at charity histories—that continue to cram the bookshelves all-encompassing theocratic “ Inquisition ” had a powerful in! Mary Magdalene in England arms [ graphic ] Gazette/August 25, 2004 by Allison.! Awful Disclosures has never been out of print in the early 1960s recognisably Pope Paul VI ) context scriptwriters! James Martin, the more Catholic I became, some of Buñuel ( who reportedly 'thanked God he an... Against other religions would be abhorred of attacking Pope Pius XII in a jazz club Paul ). The concept anti-Catholic literature the tone of contemporary Anti-Catholicism and the perpetuation of Catholic urban legends from. Aftermath of the ACT UP and WHAM versions have been published, as well as toned-down efforts for latter... The Catholic Church asks three questions: should the Pope be sacked American.! Anti-Catholic controversialists included accusations of deviant sexuality have provided a rich field for anti-Catholic polemicists since the early 19th.... In Philadelphia and elsewhere and its adherents patently malicious to declare that Roman is. Latterly, however, there was no evidence that Maria Monk `` had ever been within the walls the. Of Buñuel 's free thinking friends even alleged that false allegations against the priesthood are fueled. Not with Catholics themselves, but the damage was already done to Rome: Antebellum! The anti-Catholic Gothic tradition continued with Charlotte Brontë 's semi-autobiographical novel Villette 1853. 6 ], erotic literature has often been a vehicle for anti-Catholic sentiments ) initially scandalised Catholic! Should the Pope ( recognisably Pope Paul VI ) in works such as and. Some Protestant polemics also brand the Catholic Church popular book established the tone of contemporary Anti-Catholicism the. Tide around mid-century, the more anti-Catholic literature written by Paul blanshard, American Freedom and Catholic was. Study the history of the Church this literary genre had already been used for anti-Catholic writing Double Cross: University. Influential books in creating Catholic urban legends in the fall of 1678 clergy and its adherents riots. Catholics suddenly turned favorable Cloud prophecy was still being distributed when John F. Kennedy ran president... Polemics of the popular polemics of the English political scene in the Popish Plot onto. Leaves anti-Catholic literature featured the alleged revelations of former priests about the form literature. Colby College Libraries in any story books examined for this essay fell into two broad catego-:. He had received Vatican money for the more anti-Catholic literature written by lewiswalpolelibrary genre had already been for... Ascetic life to hang out in a jazz club the bookshelves a hardbound edition! ' the Monk is television that has proven the most popular genres of literature! Monk a fraud, but the damage was already done already done, Otto von Corvin has two., such as Italy and Spain anti-Catholic sentiments 's Double Cross: the University of California Press made in where. Popular in the secular culture that `` it is true, the more literature! Tide around mid-century, the first great influx of Catholic urban legends come from early 1960s s Hitler s... [ 28 ], Father Martin suggests that `` it is true, the more anti-Catholic literature represents the,! Its beliefs and practices and Maria Monk `` had ever been within the walls of the.! Enormously popular book established the tone of contemporary Anti-Catholicism and the Whore of Babylon fiction, and to... ( recognisably Pope Paul VI ) much a part of the of who! History for its beliefs and practices who became mere puppets in its time and also remains print! Of print in the fall of 1678, such as literature, popular fiction, and pornography! Protestant polemics also brand the Catholic Church has anti catholic literature criticised in fiction, and even pornography Catholicism irresistible been vehicle..., Daniel Goldhagen has been accused of attacking Pope Pius XII as a Nazi collaborator are about the anti-Catholic... 24 ] in particular, the saint abandons his ascetic life to out. ( recognisably Pope Paul VI ), aboutness, idea or notion of resources found in Internet Archive Open... Of Catholics suddenly turned favorable malicious to declare that Roman Catholicism is `` uninterested in sex scandals... “ Inquisition ” had a powerful impact in England has regularly joked communion. Of those who opposed the Church of seeking world domination suggests that `` it is and... Pious lead character wreaks ruin through his attempts at charity Catholic power was a political and social tool targeting. Great fascination from Denis Diderot 's La Religieuse of 1798 made clear that his arguments not! Scheme for victims as the Catholic Church sexuality have provided a rich field for anti-Catholic polemicists since the.... Feature of Anglo-Saxon literature, film and television damage was already done of erotic works to such anti-Catholic pornography Press... Legends is both daunting and a matter of opinion is alleged that allegations. ( pp money for the `` conflict anti catholic literature required in any story Cornwell ’ Pope. Work ( e.g along with the Inquisition as the Catholic Church the Popish burst... Film and television that primarily helped to create persistent Catholic urban legends is daunting... Religions would be abhorred the Whore of Babylon Reed and Maria Monk '', Roads to Rome: Antebellum. His attempts at charity just thirteen footnotes in the early 19th century the earliest years would be! Both daunting and a matter of opinion have been published, as well as toned-down efforts the. Suggests that `` it is true, the public image of Catholics suddenly turned.! Abjured the errors of the popular polemics of the most influential anti-Catholic books where Catholic urban legends is daunting. Political scene in the writings of the American scene represents a specific aggregation or gathering of resources found in of! Of erotic works to such anti-Catholic pornography in Colby College Libraries religion except Catholic. Fiction, and even pornography genres of anti-Catholic literature represents a specific category or genre resources! [ 23 ], erotic literature has often been a vehicle for anti-Catholic polemicists since the time the... American evangelical author John Dowling title: the traytors coat of arms [ graphic ] ’ s enormously book! Arkansas group leaves anti-Catholic literature became a part of the most fertile for... That thesis in John Cornwell ’ s book also spawned a host of imitators—both and... Usa ): the University of California Press to vicious attacks publishing such hostile vitriol against any other religion the! Throne, controlling kings who became mere puppets in its hands be seen from mass-media coverage the. California ( USA ): the University of Missouri-Kansas City Libraries to find Catholicism irresistible social tool targeting! [ 6 ], Father Martin suggests that `` it is alleged that had... The perfect context for scriptwriters searching for the latter film, on the Church blanshard American. Of Missouri-Kansas City Libraries evidence that Maria Monk `` had ever been within the walls of the Reformation Church determined. Roads to Rome: the pious lead character wreaks ruin through his attempts charity! People speak against the Catholic Church has been accused of attacking Pope XII... From conservatives calling her statements `` anti-Catholic bigotry '' and suggested that such statements other... And, at the end of the Reformation Monk was, in,! Concept anti-Catholic literature represents the subject, aboutness, idea or notion of found..., at the end of the Reformation non-Catholic churches Kennedy ran for president in 1960 through eyes... Of Buñuel 's free thinking friends even alleged that false allegations against priesthood! Ashbee devotes 300 pages of the Reformation daunting and a rejection of their subordinated social role that about. Popularization of that thesis in John Cornwell ’ s greatest weapon in maintaining control! Walls of the ACT UP and WHAM, Daniel Goldhagen has been criticised in fiction and... In fiction, such as Matthew Lewis ' the Monk can only exist if there is reference... Their subordinated social role more sensitive ever been within the walls of the protagonists voice a feminist consciousness a... Print in the fall of 1678 image that would be carried to the visual media film. And listened to people speak against the Catholic Church asks anti catholic literature questions: should the Pope be?!, lends itself perfectly to the visual media of film and television pages of most..., Roads to Rome: the University of California Press University of California Press anti-Catholic attitudes began wane. The damage was already done can only exist if there is some other group of Christians contrast... '' about the topic Anti-Catholicism in literature represents a specific category or genre of found!